Cinderella by the Grimm Brothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cinderella by the Grimm Brothers - Essay Example These variants incorporate The Story of the Black Cow, Donkeyskin by Charles Perrault and the ongoing Cinderella by the Grimm Brothers. The accounts share certain likenesses as far as the plots, where there is an evil rationale from one of the guardians of the posterity, and they need to flee or persevere through enduring accordingly. The heroes later discover love and their enduring closures. In The tale of The Black Cow, the little youngster needs to flee from his stepmother who abuses him however favors her girl. In the narrative of Donkeyskin, the princess, who is nicknamed Donkeyskin, additionally needs to flee from the dad since he accepts she should be his significant other. The dad is attempting to satisfy his late wife’s passing on wishes that he ought to wed a lady who is more shrewd and more wonderful than her. The plot in Cinderella additionally depicts a similar topic where the young lady is confronting a great deal of threatening vibe from the stepmother. In any case, she doesn't have the decision of fleeing like the characters in the other two stories. The tales additionally show a great deal of otherworldly happenings. In The Story of The Black Cow, there is a bovine that can chat with the kid and mystically produce desserts by stepping her feet on the ground. Additionally, there is a snake that is probably holding the universe together. The snake is satisfied with the cow’s activity of taking care of him with milk and awards the dairy animals a desire. The cow requests that the snake spread the kid with brilliant garments and make his body sparkle like gold, and the snake gets it going. On account of Donkeyskin, there is a jackass that produces gold coins rather than compost while Cinderella gets her carriage from a pumpkin and ponies from mice with the assistance of her pixie adoptive parent. These endowments make the characters special from the rest, for example the ring that solitary fits on Donkeyskin’s finger, the brilliant shoe that lone fits

To What Extent Does Schlink in His Novel “the Reader” free essay sample

Exposition Response To â€Å"The Reader† To what degree does Schlink in his novel â€Å"The Reader†, demonstrate that it is difficult to get away from one’s past. In his novel â€Å"The Reader†, writer Bernhard Schlink using procedures, for example, structure, setting and characterisation uncovers to a colossal degree that it is difficult to get away from one’s past. Schlink uses the primary heroes of the content, Michael and Hanna, delineating their relationship, alongside present war German blame on further speak to this idea.Michael is just fifteen when he first experiences Hanna, after this essential point in the novel Michael and Hanna’s relationship eventuates and eventually he begins to look all starry eyed at her, making a physical and enthusiastic association that he can't get away. This is appeared by Schlink using methods, for example, reflection and structure. Michael’s enthusiastic connection to Hanna makes him unequipped for getting away from her, as he is relentlessly suspecting and thinking about his relationship with her. We will compose a custom paper test on Whatever Extent Does Schlink in His Novel â€Å"the Reader† or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The possibility that he can not get away from her genuinely is depicted through Michael’s correlation of Hanna with different connections he has, â€Å"I would compare constantly the manner in which it was with Gertrud and the manner in which it had been with Hanna I would feel that something was wrong† pg 171, Chapter 2 Part 3. This recommends even in different connections, Hanna’s nearness was still felt by Michael. Schlink utilizes the method of reflection when Michael examines his time with Hanna by addressing, â€Å"Why does it make me so dismal when I recollect that time? † pg 35, Chapter 9 Part 1.This statement emphasizes the way that despite the fact that at a time he felt so enthusiastically for Hanna he is always spooky by the memory of their relationship, which eventually is a pitiful reality for him. This compelling passionate association felt by Michael while thinking about the past outlines how Michael couldn’t escape Hanna in any event, when not truly with her. Michael’s powerlessness to truly escape Hanna is additionally reflected in the structure of the novel. The story is isolated into three areas, and each segment is a piece of Michael’s life where he is with Hanna in some structure. As this is composed from Michael’s perspective, it recommends that he thinks the significant pieces of his life are the ones with Hanna. Michael’s physical connection to Hanna is additionally obvious when Michael says, â€Å"Then I recalled how I had overwhelmed the hair from that neck and how I had kissed that skin coloration and that neck. † pg 98, Chapter 4 Part 2. This statement not just shows the powerlessness of Michael to get away from their relationship, yet additionally utilizes Hanna’s body as imagery for the successive closeness communicated in their relationship which bolsters the physical and enthusiastic connection Michael needs to Hanna, and his failure to escape her.Through Hanna and Michael’s relationship, Schlink utilizes the setting of post-war Germany to investigate the subject of blame and the contention between the age who took an interest in WWII, the age that came after, and the failure to get away from one’s past. Sch link utilizes the contention between ages as a moral story for the blame in Hanna and Michael’s relationship. The post war age is spoken to by Michael, and the war age by Hanna. Michael obviously diagrams the blame he felt as far as concerns him in the generational clash in the statement, â€Å"I needed to point at Hanna.But the finger I pointed turned around to me† pg 168, Chapter 1 Part 3. Through this, Michael shows the blame he feels because of his relationship with Hanna as she was a piece of the war age. Michael couldn’t get away from his blame, and as such felt constrained to stay in touch with Hanna in jail, which he did by sending her tapes. Hanna figures out how to peruse from the tapes Michael sends, and this permits her to find out about the holocaust and the outrages that happened. This increases Hanna’s blame and results in her ending her own life, which proposes to the peruser that she couldn't live with her past.The topic of blame is additionally investigated and strengthened when Michael, on Hanna’s sake, meets with the Jewish lady influenced by the violations Hanna was blamed for. Schlink depicts Michael’s endeavor to mitigate both Hanna’s and his own sentiments of blame sourced from their relationship and Hanna’s association in the wrongdoing in the statement, â€Å"She realized what she had done to individuals in the camp†¦she managed it seriously during her last a very long time in prison† pg 211, Chapter 11, Part 3.The thought of being not able to get away from the blame of your past is appeared by Schlink through the expanding negative outcomes of Michael and Hanna’s relationship that outcome from the setting of post-war Germany. Through the characterisation of Hanna, Schlink profoundly shows that the past was difficult to get away. One of the primary parts of Hanna’s character is that she was uneducated. A large number of Hanna’s past choices that enormously influence the present are situated in her lack of education.

10 Reasons to Visit Campus During an Orange and Blue Day!

10 Reasons to Visit Campus During an Orange and Blue Day! Calling all #FutureIllini!!! Youve got a lot of great ways you can check out our campus throughout the semester (see them all here). But Im here to talk all about one of those optionsOrange and Blue Days! Orange and Blue Days are large open houses held on select Mondays and Fridays this fall. Why should you visit on an Orange and Blue Day?? Well let me tell you! You have an opportunity to meet with two academic communities.  As part of our program in the morning, we have two breakout sessions hosted by our academic communities. You can hear from representatives and students from majors in which youre interested. Want to explore our majors? Check out our Program Explorer. Youll hear from Undergraduate Admissions to learn all about the Illinois Legacy and the application process. Youl also here from University Housing to answer all of your questions about living and eating on campus, and Financial Aid. Especially if this is the first time your family has gone through the financial aid process, this is a great session to answer questions about scholarships and aid. Youll get to see campus on a busy, really busy, day.  Youll see students going from class to class, studying, researching, rehearsing, and hanging out with friends all over campus. Its a great way to see if you can picture yourself at Illinois. Meet some current students.  Current students are living the Illinois experience  right now (plus, they are cooler than me). Whether its out on a tour, asking for directions, or listening to them on a student panel, they have great information and are so excited to help you learn more about Illinois. Go on a campus tour.   Go on an engineering tour.   Tour Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. Choose from a variety of other optional activities. When you check in for the day, youll get a full agenda with all of the optional activities offered throughout the day, and well be there to help you design the perfect schedule. From touring residence halls, visiting labs, dining on campus, and more, trust that this is a day full of opportunities as your explore Illinois! Ready?! Sign up here! Kaci Admissions Counselor I work extensively with our large campus visit programs to give our prospective students first-hand experience of life at Illinois. I grew up in and around Champaign-Urbana, but most recently I moved from northwest Ohio, where I finished my master’s degree in College Student Personnel.

Privateers in the War of 1812

Privateers were captains of merchant ships legally sanctioned to attack and capture ships of enemy nations. American privateers had played a useful role in the American Revolution, attacking British ships. And when the United States Constitution was drafted it contained a provision for the federal government to authorize privateers. In the War of 1812, American privateers played a major role, as armed merchant ships sailing from American ports attacked, seized, or destroyed a great many British merchant ships. The American privateers actually did much more damage to British shipping than the U.S. Navy, which was greatly outnumbered and outgunned by Britains Royal Navy. Some American privateer captains became heroes during the War of 1812, and their exploits were celebrated in American newspapers.   Privateers sailing from Baltimore, Maryland were especially aggravating to the British. London newspapers denounced Baltimore as a nest of pirates. The most significant of the Baltimore privateers was Joshua Barney, a naval hero of the Revolutionary War who volunteered to serve in the summer of 1812 and was commissioned as a privateer by President James Madison. Barney was immediately successful at raiding British ships on the open ocean and received press attention. The Columbian, a New York City newspaper, reported on the results of one of his raiding voyages in the issue of August 25, 1812: Arrived at Boston the English brig William, from Bristol (England) for St. Johns, with 150 tons of coal, ; a prize to the privateer Rossie, commodore Barney, who had also captured and destroyed 11 other British vessels, and captured the ship Kitty from Glasgow, of 400 tons and ordered her for the first port. The British naval and land attack on Baltimore in September 1814 was, at least in part, intended to punish the city for its connection to privateers. Following the burning of Washington, D.C., British plans to burn Baltimore were thwarted, and the American defense of the city was immortalized by Francis Scott Key, an eyewitness, in The Star-Spangled Banner. History of Privateers By the dawn of the 19th century, the history of privateering stretched back at least 500 years. The major European powers had all employed privateers to prey upon the shipping of enemies in various conflicts. The official commissions which governments gave to authorize ships to operate as privateers were generally known as letters of marque. During the American Revolution, state governments, as well as the Continental Congress, issued letters of marque to authorize privateers to seize British merchant ships. And British privateers likewise preyed upon American ships. In the late 1700s, ships of the East India Company sailing in the Indian Ocean were known to have been issued letters of marque and preyed upon French vessels. And during the Napoleonic Wars, the French government issued letters of marque to ships, sometimes manned by American crews, which preyed upon British shipping. Constitutional Basis for Letters of Marque The use of privateers was considered an important, if not essential, part of naval warfare in the late 1700s when the United States Constitution was written. And the legal basis for privateers was included in the Constitution, in Article I, Section 8. That section, which includes a lengthy list of Congressional powers, includes: To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. The use of letters of marque was specifically mentioned in the Declaration of War signed by President James Madison and dated June 18, 1812: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their territories; and the President of the United States is hereby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States, to carry the same into effect, and to issue private armed vessels of the United States commissions or letters of marque and general reprisal, in such form as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof. Recognizing the importance of privateers, President Madison personally signed each commission. Anyone seeking a commission had to apply to the secretary of state and submit information about the ship and its crew. The official paperwork, the letter of marque, was extremely important. If a ship was captured on the high seas by an enemy ship and could produce an official commission, it would be treated as a combatant vessel and the crew would be treated as prisoners of war. Without the letter of marque, the crew could be treated as ordinary pirates and hanged.

Formal Reference Tools On Young People - 1002 Words

Formal reference tools on/about young people Levesque, R. (Ed.) (2011). Encyclopedia of adolescence. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. Edited by a well-educated, researcher of youth culture, this encyclopedia looks at several categories of adolescent research. Topics include identity and development, relationships, social contexts, and mental health. These are all important topics for YA librarians to research, as it provides insight into the average YA librarian’s user demographic, and would allow for more thoughtful programming, collection development, and overall YA services. While this source does tackle all aspects of adolescence, not just male culture, it is less relevant and modern, and less easily navigated/synthesized, making it the less applicable source for YA librarians. Steinberg, S., Kehler, M., Cornish, L. (2010). Boy culture: an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. This encyclopedia is an in-depth up-to-date reference on boy culture, edited by several experts on youth culture. Topics range from societal views to ethnicity to looks to cultural tropes to school, and much more. This gives relevant insight into adolescent male culture. This would be helpful for YA librarians, as it would help them with programming, collection development, and give them a general understanding of a large demographic. While this encyclopedia leaves out a large demographic that the other source does not, it is far more modern and applicable to general culture,Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Psychological Assessment On Counseling And Clinical Practice1675 Words   |  7 PagesQUESTION NUMBER TWO Area of knowledge: Health Psychology QUESTION NUMBER TWO Assessment Discuss the role of psychological assessment in counseling or clinical practice. What are the strengths and weaknesses inherent in formal psychological testing? 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His theory followed that if the institution of education acknowledges and agrees that there are several kinds of intelligence, it is the duty of formal education to engage and develop each of the nine kinds. Any person who has attended formal education knows from personal experience that there are different kinds of smart. There are athletes, dancers, and actors who have a mastery over their bodies achieving great feats of strength, movement Read MoreIndi An Emerging Economy Country1723 Words   |  7 Pagesagricultural economy which has been undertaken for decades, and with an approximate population of 1.2 billion people, the second-most populated country in the world, is categorized as an emerging economy. The term emerging markets was first put down by economists at the International Finance Corporation in the year 1981, when the group was endorsing their first mutual funds in evolving nations. References to emerging markets have become popular in the media, annual reports, documentation, foreign policiesRead MorePiaget and Vygotsky1272 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding and reasoning processes from birth to maturity. The aim of primary school is to build the knowledge and the skills children need to have for further cognitive development. Therefore, the constant development of coginition is very important to young children, because it gives them the basic understanding towards themselves and the world. As a result , in order to assist and support children’s early cognitive development, teachers apply the ideas of educational theorists such as Jean Piaget and

Cancer Can Be Avoided Free Essays

Being one of the longest prevailing diseases without a cure, cancer has claimed the lives of many people not only in the South Pacific but the world and has left many families destitute and traumatized. Cancer with its variety and names depending on the area of the body affected has led to an unpredictable increase in number of deaths in a society’s census affecting the population by the bulk each year. This essay will argue that cancer can be avoided and intends to list and describe ways in which it can be reduced to a minimum. We will write a custom essay sample on Cancer Can Be Avoided or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay will unfold in two parts. Firstly it will elaborate on the causes of cancer. Then it will briefly state solutions to help combat cancer. Cancer is the result of abnormal cell growth and is caused when a normal body cell does not function properly. The cell grows and divides uncontrollably without dying out finally becoming cancerous and a tumor results and symptoms vary depending on where the cancer is situated in the body. However, the cell does not become dysfunctional on purpose instead they are the result of many unhealthy choices made by individuals, thus the intentions in the first part of this essay is to briefly give detailed explanation on causes of cancer. To begin with, research has shown that there are substances which are directly related to cancer. Substances known as carcinogens are found to provoke the cells typical function and investigations have found that exposure to these substances induce chances of getting cancer. These substances include â€Å"Tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation such as gamma and x-rays, the sun, and compounds in car exhaust fumes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2). In addition, carcinogens are practically found everywhere from cosmetics to everyday useable items, these toxins are essentially ubiquitous consequently intensifying chances of getting cancer. However, there are those individuals with bad habits such as smoking and over consume alcohol, their choices evidently lead to cancer and eventually impact their families. Furthermore, it has been proven that age is directly proportional to cancer. Older individuals are more susceptible to cancer compared to younger individuals in a society. Therefore age is vital when considering factors for the prevalence of cancer. â€Å"As we age, there is an increase in the number of cancer causing mutations in our DNA. This makes age an important risk factor for cancer. † (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2). Viruses also play a role in causing cancer. Cancer caused by viruses is common in Pacific Island nations and the undeviating result of this problem is an increase in mortality rate and a decrease in life expectancy amongst pacific societies. According to Mr. Joe Tooma, Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation, ‘in the Solomon Islands, cervical cancer is the number one cancer killer of woman†¦.. Almost all cervical cancer has been shown to be caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Several other viruses such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus which causes cancer common amongst children and hepatitis B and C which results in lung cancer have been identified to have an association with cancer. These viruses â€Å"suppresses or weakens the immune system- inhibits the body’s ability to fight infections and increases chances of developing cancer† (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2). In addition to this fact, according to Mr. Tooma it is predicted that ‘four out of five people all around the world will be exposed to HPV in their lifetime. ’ This is a very alarming figure and if society is not aware, the prediction may become reality. Although cancer is a possible threat to human existence, there are preventative measures that can be followed to reduce the problem. These measures include a healthy diet and lifestyle, good habits, regular checkups to clinics and vaccination. Firstly, a healthy diet and lifestyle is vital and should be considered in an attempt to avoid cancer. A balanced meal with the right nutritional value will do more than just keep an individual fit, it will also reduce chances of getting cancer â€Å"since what we eat has been linked to the disease† (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 3). Maintaining a garden is recommended as it does not only provide fresh healthy meals but at the same time it keeps an individual fit due to physical efforts put into looking after the garden. Older individuals should keep to a daily routine that involves exercise for at least thirty minutes, as they are more susceptible to cancer. However, having a garden will not be feasible for some families especially for those in urban areas who are only confined to the walls of their house or face restrictions due to tenancy policy. But, innovations such as flower pots and possibly an agreement with landlords can help solve this issue. Secondly, ridding of bad habits such as smoking and over consumption of alcohol will considerably lower the possibility of developing cancer. Studies show that â€Å"choosing not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol significantly lowers the risks of several types of cancer- most notably lung, throat, mouth and liver cancer. † (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 3). Finally, regular checkups and vaccination is a necessary tool in avoiding and curing cancer. Victims have an opportunity to achieve remission through the use of services such as Pap smear tests, mammograms and testicular self-examinations. â€Å"†¦ research has proven that by finding cancer early at stage 1 or 2, there is a 90 percent survival rate. However, finding cancer late at stages 3 or 4 drops the survival rate to 10-20 percent†. (Fiji Cancer Society, 2007, p. 1). Purchasing of instruments to help aid in identifying damaged cells can also be a way for organization to reduce cancer rates. Instruments like colonoscope would be obliging as it would â€Å"assist in the early detection and treatment of bowel and intestinal cancers. †(Vanuatu Daily Post Newspaper, 2012, p. 1). In addition to this fact, introductions of vaccines such as the anti-cervical cancer vaccine to combat against the HPV virus that causes cervical cancer in women. There are also vaccines present that prevent viruses such as the hepatitis B or C virus from affecting its host. However, there are cases where it is difficult to give effective treatment or the cancer cannot be cured due to genetic predisposition in DNA that is inherited from parents. But that is the whole point of having a regular check up, in order to minimize damages the cancer has done to the body and through government aids, individuals with inherited genetic predisposition n their DNA could be helped by making access to medical services convenient to them. It is evident that cancer cannot be fully eradicated however; preventative measures can be taken to reduce the chances of developing cancer. The preceding measures stated in the contents of this essay can only be fulfilled when individuals are cautious of their choices and are aware of the impact their decisions will have on society, their family and most importantly themselves. How to cite Cancer Can Be Avoided, Papers

JP Getty Musuem Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, William Eggleston

JP Getty Musuem The museum that I visited was the J. P. Getty. This museum as a whole is incredible. However, the photography exhibit did catch my eye. The first time that I went to the Getty, the Andy Warhol exhibit was up and I had a great dislike for his work. On the other hand, the exhibit by William Eggleston was awesome. His work on color photography was fantastic. One particular picture group in-titled, "Memphis" was extremely well done. There was a picture of a grill that was on fire, and words cannot describe the picture. The colors that were exhibited from this picture made my eyes fall in love with the work. I gazed at the grill and its flames for the longest time, until my date grabbed me and pointed me to some other works. One thing that intrigued me with this photo is the content and idea. The picture was just a grill the point of view was as if you were standing in front of the grill, the only thing that he did was to find that perfect second to snap the picture. To some people this i s just a grill, to others it is a symbolic meaning of life's ambitions, and it has endless amount of meanings. That is what makes this picture so great, the abyss of thoughts on this one picture leads to a conversation on this one piece and that is what I believe art is all about, if you look at something and there is such significance which leads to a discussion then its purpose was met, and if people just look at something and move on then the picture or piece of art was meaningful only to the artist. Again the second piece that caught my eye is that of Eggleston's Grreenwood, Mississippi. This picture may just be a dye transfer print, of a light and the ceiling, but this picture to me just draws my attention. This picture taken from the ground most likely with an up point of view towards the light, has also three white cords bringing the focus in the center of the picture were the light is located. To me the meaning of this picture is the symbolic meaning of ideas, and I would pu t it up in my office when I grow to keep me thinking of new ideas and to never settle on one thought, but to look at as many angles as possible. Also this picture makes me want to turn the light on by pulling the cord and watch to light glow. Another photographer that I looked at was work done by John Divola. His Zuma series was really, strange. He took the same picture but at different times of the day and each one told a different story. This inspired me and I made an attempt to do this on my final. These pictures of I believe Zuma beach, were very intriguing. I am not to sure about his ideas, but I feel that he is trying to make the viewer part of this picture, and he made me feel as though I was in this room looking out over the ocean and the ruins of this room. It was printed very large almost an 11 by 14, or maybe larger. This allowed I think for the viewer to be a part of this picture. These pictures at the Getty, were fantastic, there were a lot of pictures that I liked and some that I disliked, however the show was great. Eggleston's work on color was awesome and words like I said cannot describe his work, I was in ahh for most of the day and could only hope to print this wonderful.

Comparison of Chinese and Isl essays

Comparison of Chinese and Isl essays During the first millennium CE, two great civilizations, China and Islam, arose. Both of these civilizations had cultural advantages over other peoples and had a great deal of influence on all who they came in contact with. These civilizations were similar in the way they interacted with other civilizations. This interaction took place through trade, religion, and war. China interacted through trade with Japan, India, Islam, Korea, and Rome. Through trade, not only were products exchanged, but culture and ideas as well. Chinese silk and pottery became popular all over the world. Buddhism spread from its native India to China and then from China to Japan, Korea, and many other nations in Southeast Asia. Korea became incorporated into China through war, but soon adopted much Chinese culture as its own. The Chinese and Japanese writing systems are exactly alike due to the Japanese modeling their civilization after the Chinese. Confucianist ideas originated in China, but spread to all parts of the globe because of cultural diffusion. Food from many civilizations became part of the Chinese diet because of their interaction with other peoples. The Islamic civilization also interacted with other cultures through trade. They traded with China, India, and Persia. They learned rug making from the Persians, gained knowledge of spices and numbers from the Indians, and felt the luxuriousness of silk because of the Chinese. They also gave to other cultures. Through war and conquest, they spread their religion from its birthplace in Saudi Arabia to Spain, Africa, and Malaysia. They gave the world their knowledge of medicine, algebra, and chemistry. Like China, their influence had a great impact on all who knew of their culture. The Chinese and Islamic civilizations were two of the greatest of their time. They interacted similarly with other cultures through trade, religion, and war. Both gave much to the world ...

Glossary of Organic Chemistry Terms

Glossary of Organic Chemistry Terms This is an organic chemistry glossary. Look up definitions of common and important organic chemistry terms. ab initio abrasive absolute alcohol absolute error absolute temperature absolute uncertainty absorbance absorption absorption cross section absorption spectroscopy absorption spectrum absorptivity accuracy acetal acid acid anhydride acid-base indicator acid-base titration acid catalysis acid dissociation constant - Ka acidic solution activated complex activation energy - Ea activity series actual yield acute health effect acylation acyl group acyl halide adsorption aerosol alcohol alcoholate aliphatic amino acid aliphatic compound aliphatic hydrocarbon alkali metal alkaline alkalinity alkanoylation alkene alkenyl group alkoxide alkoxy group alkylate alkylation allotrope alloy alpha decay alpha radiation amide amine amine functional group amino acid ammonium amorphous amphoteric oxide amu angular momentum quantum number anion androgen anhydrous anode antibonding orbital anti-Markovnikov addition anti-periplanar aqueous aqueous solution aromatic compound Arrhenius acid Arrhenius base aryl atom atomic mass atomic mass unit (amu) atomic number atomic radius atomic weight autoionization Avogadros Law Avogadros number azeotrope azimuthal quantum number azo compound

Writing Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing Application - Essay Example I plan to learn the language and immerse myself into reading more about their culture. I could also find out more from our colleagues who were previously assigned in Japan and have had diverse working experiences. I can therefore gather guidelines and techniques that would improve our business transactions with them. I would follow your advice to smile a lot; to listen without interrupting and to learn to accept the blame when misunderstandings in communication could ensue. I am sure that when I develop a level of proficiency in their language, lesser miscommunications would occur. I look forward to the new assignment and I assure you that you will be apprised on new updates and developments that would happen between our Kansai office and our head office, as needed. Again, my sincerest thanks and best regards to you. I am scheduled to take a vacation from the period July 17 to July 24 of 2012 and am therefore interested to take my family for a houseboat vacation. I have three kids and together with my wife, we plan to go to the California Delta area. We have never done this before, but it sounds interesting. Please send me any information you may have. I will have to make my vacation plans soon. I am particularly interested to find out details on rental costs and insurance, amenities (television set, bedding, kitchenware), and the needed orientation to operate the houseboat, if any. I would also appreciate if you can advise on the boundaries within which the houseboats could be safely and appropriately maneuvered. Lastly, reservation details would be expected and appreciated; including any options to extend the vacation to another week, if possible. The rental fee for a houseboat is $175 per day or $1,000 per week which already include insurance. The houseboat is complete with amenities such as a TV set, bedding, dishes and kitchenware. We can also provide an AM/FM radio and a CD player upon request. We have a houseboat available for July

Business Report on Van Morrison Supermarkets Coursework

Business Report on Van Morrison Supermarkets - Coursework Example IT application is also found to be effective for operations to develop one system to be used across the stores for an effective utilization of the stock with the purpose of enhancing the business process. In accordance with the company, Van Morrison Supermarkets, which is operating within the national and international market place as a retail supermarket chain can be observed as facing problems with regard to IT and IS. The problems that are currently being faced by the company includes its infrastructure related to the IS/IT, with high dependency on Microsoft software as well as the operating systems using technology of low standards within the workstations. As a consequence, the staff working within the company is often dissatisfied due to the poor performances of IT/IS software often being down which causes delay in dealing with the customers as well as the suppliers causing massive damage to the customer satisfaction prospects of the organisation. Emphasising on this particular aspect, the objective of the study will be to suggest remedies for better applications of tools and concepts used in the modern IT/IS integration frameworks in Van Morrison to counter the identified problems. Tools, Concepts and Ideas in Formulating the IT and Information IS With Respect To the Retail Sector In the modern day scenario, the companies are viewing new dimensions for the use as well as the application of the Information Systems (IS) and the Information Technologies (IT) used as a means to obtain better operational efficiencies. In this context, for the companies to sustain and develop these added dimensions of the IS and the IT, act as a competitive as well as a strategic weapon too, to combat industrial complexities and obstacles effectively. The three aspects with respect to the IT applied in organisational settings, which are often argued to be responsible for the success of the companies, comprises of the presence of strong IT staff within the organisation, the pres ence of a firm technology base that can be reused and a consensus partnership between the IT staff as well as the management. In the modern day scenario, the global economy and the use of the internet facilities has been growing rapidly. In accordance with the field of e-commerce, the process and the manner through which the companies tend to utilize its IT applications have often been argued to result in the success of the company (Multimedia University, 2011). The strategies with regard to the IT and IS applications commonly include the incorporation of the computer as well as the manual systems, computer telecommunication and computer technology. The IT and IS strategies also involve the various aspects of management of the organisation. The objectives as well as the aim of the organisations adopting the IS and IT strategies further include, aligning the business strategies with that of the strategies of the IS and IT so as to determine the prioritised field with regard to the

Overview Of Motivation And Its Theories Business Essay

Overview Of Motivation And Its Theories Business Essay Motivation has been a complex concept to define, because there are many theoretical approach towards the nature of human beings and about what can be known about people (Pinder 1998, p. 11). There are different perceptions and definitions of motivation. Sims (2002, p.55), defined motivation as the satisfying of the inner needs through actions and behaviours. According to him, motivation includes various mental and physical drives, combined with the proper environment that guides people to act in a certain way. According to Robbins and Coulter (1998), motivation may be defined as the willingness to put forward high levels of effort toward need. From this theory, Mullins (1996) has come up with the definition where he assumes that every person is unique and this uniqueness is demonstrated in one way or another via the various theories which influence workers control and behaviours towards a particular goal. He also identifies two factors about what gets people activated (arousal) and secondly, and what drives people to engage in the desires behaviour or choice of behaviour. The set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behaviour towards attaining some goal. (Greenberg Barron, 2003, p. 190) On the other hand, Rabey (2000) defined motivation as a reciprocal process. We will give you something you want if you give us something we want. From the above definitions, it can be observed that every author has defined motivation from different viewpoint but they all have tried conveying the same message, that is, the individuals drive to do something at a particular time. Halepota (2005, p. 16) defines motivation as a persons active participation and commitment to achieve the prescribed results. From this theory, there is no single strategy that can generate guaranteed positive results all the time, since different strategies produce different outcomes at different times. It can be concluded from the above definitions that, motivation in general, is more or less mainly concerned with the different aspects that moves, leads, and drives human action or inaction over a given period of time. In other words, there is an invisible force that drives people to do something in return. Evolution of Motivation Theories The theories about employee motivation have greatly varied over the past century, from scientific management through the human relations movement, to the human resource approach. Scientific management: According to the scientific management theory workers see work as a pain and money is their main concern. Thus, it assumes that people will work hard and behave sensibly to gain their own personal objectives, that is, to maximise their own income first, rather than putting their effort towards the organisational objectives as priority. Human relations movement: According to this school of thought, managers should take into consideration the social aspect in the working environment because employees value social belongingness much more than money. Bendix (1956, p. 294), summarised this revolution by taking into consideration that failure to treat workers as human beings is regarded as the main cause of low morale, lack of interest and confusion. Thus, the Human relations model to this problem has come up with creating opportunities for teamwork and nurturing closer relations between management and employees. Human resource approach: This approach assumes that the Human Resource department plays an important role in the implementation of different types of rewards system in an organisation inorder to maintain the employee and organisation morale. According to Steer et al. (1996), the human resource model, human beings are motivated by a set of complex factors, including, money, need for affiliation, need for achievement, and desire for meaningful work. Therefore, it is the managements responsibility to learn how to tap such resources as employees are the reservoirs of potential talent. Scientific Management As per the Scientific Management theory (1911) which was proposed by Gilbreth and Taylor, the relationship between worker and the management is based on the low trust. However, he believed that higher salaries may contribute to cooperation between them. However this form of management is no longer as scientific as Taylor first suggested. Today workers are considered much more as humans than as commodities, as new management approaches focus on the human side of employment relations. Mayo and Hawthorne Studies According to the Mayo and the Hawthorne studies (1927-1932), human relations approach to management has become the main focus of managers (Bedeian, 1993). It was concluded that employees exert greater effort at work when they were not bossed by or being closely supervised by anyone. As such workers developed an increased sense of responsibility by themselves rather than expecting management imposing their set of discipline on workers. Moreover, interpersonal relationships and informal work groups greatly influence output, in the sense that workers felt themselves to be contributing freely and without force. Mayos conclusions were that money was a less influential factor and that group influences extensively affect individual behaviour towards output. In addition to this, workers were better motivated when they were having their social needs met at work (Robbins, 1998). Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor (1960) had further contributed to the study of work motivation with his opposing motivational theories as Theory X and Theory Y. According to the theory X (McGregor 1989, p. 315), it is the management responsibility to set elements of rewards in order to motivate people and modifying their behaviours to fit the needs of the organisation. Thus, without the interference of management people would be be passive-even resistant- to organisational needs. Thus, workers must be persuaded, rewarded, punished, and their activities should be controlled. Conversely, the Maslows Hierarchy of needs emphasises towards the fulfilment of workers needs. Such an example is that Theory X may use a salary cut to motivate employees rather an increase in the salary. On the other hand, Theory Y postulates that people like to work; they are self-directed and they do not have to be threatened to work and they seek more responsibilities. In the framework of Maslows theory, Theory Y presume that , it is the social, esteem, and self-actualisation needs which are the driving forces that motivate employees. Given that traditional Theory X orientation is far more negativistic, Theory Y is rather widely used and accepted nowadays. Hackman and Oldham Hackman and Oldman (1980) put forward their Job Characteristics Theory as a three-stage model, in which a set of core job characteristics impact a number of critical psychological states, which can motivate the workers. The worker must have knowledge of the ultimate results of their work, experience responsibility for the work results and consider the work as important, as something which is generally valuable. As such the job itself must be designed accordingly to promote all the three psychological states. (Hackman and Oldham, 1980, p.81) suggested that the work should include five characteristics skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback, as shown in Figure, where the presence of certain job attribute motivates workers. Figure. The job characteristics model Source: web.njit.edu/~rotter/courses/hrm301/lecturenotes/hrm301-11. The job characteristic model identifies that adding certain elements to the jobs may alter peoples psychological state in a manner that boosts their work effectiveness (Greenberg and Barron, 2000). Thus, there is the need to redesign jobs through job enlargement, by increasing the number and variety of activities performed, while at the same time, redesign the jobs by increasing the employees level of responsibility and control. What can be deduced till now is that, the first theories of motivation have focused on the financial aspect as being the motivator. On the other hand, more recent theories such as Hackman and Oldmans Job Characteristics Model, has laid more emphasis on the content of work as a motivator. Content Theories of Motivation In this section, there are four prominent content theories of work motivation which will be analysed. The first two theories Maslows hierarchy of needs and Alderfers existence-relatedness-growth (ERG). Abraham Maslow is a humanistic psychologist that developed a theory of personality, which is valuable in the field of employee motivation. Then, there is the Herzbergs motivation-hygiene and Mc Clellands needs theory. Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory Maslows (1954) theory of motivation is one of the most well-known motivation theories called the Hierarchy of Needs (fig..). Robins and Coulter (1998) mentioned that Maslow envisages the workers needs in relation to a pyramid whereby people progress up the hierarchy as they successively gratify each level of need. The five basic kinds of needs are: psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualisation needs. Thus, it is understood from this theory that managers must attempt to identify individual employee needs and promote satisfaction. If they do so, employees will progress toward self-actualization, permitting the organisation to be all that it can be (Sims 2002). Marchington Wilkinson (1995) argued that money act as a motivating factor for those at the lower level of the hierarchy, since these workers are low income earners. On the other hand, those already earning a higher income and have been able to satisfy their lower level needs can therefore proceed to the high order needs. However, this theory has been criticised for being vague and without ability to predict human behaviour. It also views individual needs as stagnant rather than dynamic. An example is, needs can change unexpectedly when subject to undesirable factors such as the effect of job loss on aesthetic needs. Figure.Applying Maslows Hierarchy on Needs Source: http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/122744-Organization-Management-models-and-diagrams-for-presentations Alderfers Existence-Relatedness-Growth Theory (ERG) This theory of needs for existence, relatedness and growth by Alderfer (1972) is much simpler than the Maslows approach. According to Greenberg and Baron (2003, p.192), the five needs identified by Maslow corresponds with the three needs of Alderfers ERG theory. Alderfer specifies that there exist three main needs but these needs are not necessarily activated in any specific order. In fact, Alderfer claims that any need may be activated at any time (Greenberg and Baron, 2000).However, this theory has a frustration regression element which suggest that if a higher order need is frustrated, an individual will increase his level of desire for a lower level need. Such an example is, an individual is unable to meet the growth need, perhaps due to a restrictive work environment, thus, his desire for rewards such as money is likely to increase. Therefore the above two need theories, namely Maslows need hierarchy and Alderfers ERG theory, do not agree completely. However, they do agree that satisfying human needs is a vital part in motivating employees. Need Theories: A comparison Source: e-learning.mfu.ac.th/mflu/1203141/chapter7.html Herzberg Motivation Hygiene Theory Frederick Herzberg (1923) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two- factor theory of motivation. He identified hygiene factors which do not motivate but cause dissatisfaction in the employee and the other one are called the motivators which lead to satisfaction, comparable to Maslows higher needs (Jones and Jordan, 1982). Hygiene factors are all extrinsic factors found in the external environment, while motivators are all intrinsic factors which the employees attribute to themselves and to a certain extent, these factors correlate to Maslows esteem needs. According to Mc Kenna (1996), hygiene factors vary from motivators in the sense that a lack of adequate job hygiene will cause dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the hygiene factors are correct, and the manager should manipulate the motivators by attending to job-content issues, like job enrichment (Johnson and Gill, 1993). Job enrichment entails redesigning jobs to make them more exciting and challe nging by allowing requirements to be made for increased responsibility and creativity. According to Adair (1990), the phrase job satisfaction arose from the work of Herzberg. In identifying a set of motivational factors, Herzberg made a distinction between long-term and temporary motivation levels. The motivators are long-term satisfaction and they are essential to intrinsic motivation (Deci and Ryan, 1985), which are also very similar to the Maslows esteem needs. On the other hand, the hygiene factors contribute to more life dissatisfaction and money cannot buy happiness (Kasser, 2002). They found that the lowest ranked motivator was an increase in salary because money do fulfil the requirement of the hygiene factor, but overtime are poor motivators. Since the hygiene issues are not the source of satisfaction, these issues must be in order to create a conducive atmosphere in which employee satisfaction and motivation are possible. However most practical studies with distinction made by Herzberg, show that salary, recognition and responsibility, for instance, have been seen both as motivators and hygiene factors (Maidani, 1991). Mc Clleland Theory of Needs David Mc Clelland proposed the three-needs theory: affiliation, power, and achievement, which serve as motivators in organisations (Robbins Stuart-Kotze, 1990). The first need is the need for affiliation which is same as to the Maslows social needs. This need gives rise to the desire of friendship; prefer to keep good relationship instead of competitive environment (Robbins and Coulter, 1998). As such, individual with a strong need for affiliation is likely to take up jobs which is characterised by a desire to belong to a particular group, or a concern about interpersonal relationships at work, such as counselling, customer service, and public relation. The second need proposed is the need for power. The need for power is indicated by a persons desire to control and the ability to influence people and their actions. As such, Mc Clleland and Burnham (1976) find that the acquiring and maintaining of power is an essential motivating process in organisations. The third need is the need for achievement, which refers to the individuals desire to success and obtain excellent results. People are highly motivated by challenge and competitive work situation (Stoner, et al. 1995). In view of the last two needs of Mc Cllelands theory, the Maslows influence can be seen as it is similar to the Maslows esteem needs, with power and recognised achievement come self-confidence and prestige. However to study the need for achievement, Herzberg and Atkinson developed the Thematic Apperception Test which determines the individuals score for each of the needs of achievement, affiliation and power. For the high achievers, money is looked upon as a symbol of achievement rather than an intrinsic motivating factor. In this theory, people with a high need for achievement are eager to obtain feedback on their performance and exhibit moderate levels of risk taking (Wood 1992). Financial rewards are not the key motivator and money is a form of feedback and recognition to them. Conclusion of the need theories Table . shows the relationships among Maslows, Alderfers, and Herzbergs theories of motivation. Table Conclusion of Need-Based Approaches Source: http://e-learning.mfu.ac.th/mflu/1203141/chapter7.html. Despite the obvious differences between need theories discussed, there are several points at which the theories intersect. On the other hand, the need-based theories share an innate weakness. They do an adequate job of describing the factors that motivate behaviour, but they tell us very little about the actual processes of motivation (Moorhead Griffin, 1995) Process Theories of Motivation Process theories attempt to identify the relationships between variables which give rise to motivation. According to Mullins (1996), process theories provide a further contribution to our understanding of motivation. They focus on why people choose to behave in a certain manner in order to fulfil their needs and also how they evaluate their satisfaction level after they have attained their goals. Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory was developed by Victor Vroom in 1964 and it has been further developed by Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler in the 1968, where it is believed that there is a direct correlation between performance and outcome and the reward for that outcome is defined. Therefore, this theory is concerned with the internal processes that an individual undergoes in order to decide whether he/she wants to put in additional efforts towards a specific goal (Robbins Stuart-Kotze, 1990; Stueart Moran, 1993; Server Wescott, 1983). Vroom suggests that there should be a link between effort and performance for an individual to be motivated (Droar, 2006, p.  2). According to Vroom, the three factors that should be considered when determining the effort put forth by an individual are: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy (Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore, 2001). The first variable valence, refers to the desire that an individual has to achieve a goal or to fulfill a need. The second one is instrumentality, whereby there is the belief that performance is related to rewards such as bonuses, piece-rate incentive system or sales commission plans. As such, the merit system, which is referred as the pay-for-performance may be carefully implemented. The third element, expectancy refers to the belief that an individual has about the relationship between effort and performance. According to Armstrong Murlis (1994), this theory is the most relevant one to reward practice. However, this theory also recognises that people are motivated by other different things (Robbins Stuart-Kotze, 1990). Therefore, it can be seen that there is no one theory which can explain everyones motivation. According to Marchington Wilkinson (1998), what motivates people depends on their perception of the attractiveness of the goal and its attainability. Figure provides an overview of the Expectancy Theory. Expectancy Theory: An overview Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadhb_2.html#Vroom Equity Theory The Equity theory was developed in 1963 by John Stacy Adams and states that people will be motivated if people are treated fairly and equitably, and they would be demotivated if they are treated unfairly and inequitably. Employees evaluate their own input/output ratios based on their comparison with the input/outcome ratios of other employees (Carrell and Dittrich, 1978). That is, they will compare the ratio of what they put in (e.g. experience and effort) and what they get out of the job (e.g. salary and promotion) with what others are getting in a similar job. If an employee notices that another person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contributions, even when both have done the same amount and quality of work, then dissatisfaction will occur. As such, the employees will behave in ways to enforce equity (Cheung, 1997). Therefore employees will seek to reduce it, either by increasing performance to output when the perception is that of being over-rewarded or decreasi ng performance when they feel they are being under-rewarded or even leave the organization (Carrell and Dittrich, 1978). In light of the equity theory, it can be said that employees should be rewarded based on their performance and hard work, rather than on their seniority, for example. For instance, instead of receiving a bonus at the end of the year, the increase in salary should rather be based upon the employees performance so that employees may feel they are being treated equitably. As such, it is believed that employees contributing more to the organisation , should receive higher rewards. This belief is called the equity norm. Employees are the passive observers and they are aware of what is happening at their workplace. If they feel they are being exploited or treated unfairly, they might take the initiative to go on a strike or retaliate in other ways. On the other hand, when employees are being paid more than what they deserve, and they are actually receiving this higher pay, they tend to lower their work level to normal (Greenberg and Barron, 2000). Goal Theory The Goal theory or the goal-setting theory was initially developed by Latham and Locke (Locke Latham, 1990, 2002). According to Goldstein (1993), goal provides a sense of direction and purpose. Goal setting is simply defined as a specific outcome that an individual is striving to achieve (Alderman, 1999). Seijts et al. (2004), found that people with a specific high learning goal is effective in increasing a persons performance. That is, the more difficult the goal, the higher the level of performance expected. Feedback also help to identify the difference between what an individual has done and what they want to do and thus guide them as to how well they are moving ahead towards their goals. Also, according to Moorhead and Griffin (1995), when employees are given the opportunity to participate in setting their own goal, their efforts in achieving them will be greater when compared to the goals being assigned to them. Therefore the control tend to restrain motivation, while the individuals involvement in their own goal-setting task, creates a more productive environment (Kennish, 1994). In general, Locke and Lathams model of goal setting has been supported by several studies which suggests, it is a valuable approach concerning how the goal-setting process works. Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory was proposed by BF Skinner (1975), whereby he states that individuals behaviour is a function of its consequences. This theory emphasises on re-designing the external environment should be made suitable to the individuals and that punishment will actually lead to frustration and de-motivation. This approach explains the role of rewards in greater detail as they cause the behaviour to change or remain the same. Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding a desirable behaviour as this may increase the probability of outstanding behaviour occurring again. Praise and recognition are appropriate examples of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is another way to influence behaviour, but the aim is to prevent an a negative action from being repeated in the future. Such an example may be negative feedback or reprimands. According to Skinner, a third way to influence behaviour is punishment, which decreases the probability of the behaviour from being repeated. Punishment is something unpleasant that an individual tend to avoid, and as a result, employees would be motivated to behave in the right behaviour. The last method of behaviour modification is lack of reinforcement. The idea behind this concept is that, if behaviour is not reinforced, it will decrease and soon be forgotten by the individual (Stueart Moran, 1993). Section 2 Performance Management Introduction According to Gilley and Maycunich (2000), performance management helps organisations maintain and improve performance, encourage greater consistency in performance appraisal and provide high quality feedback. Motivational approaches tend to boost up the workforce in order to attain the likely job performance. (Byham and Moyer, 2005). Referring to above theories which has been discussed above, it can be assumed that some theories do consider ways to increase motivation aiming at improving employees performance which will contribute to organisational goals. A motivated team and hard-working employees is essential to the success of the company. This is because performance will certainly suffer if workers lack motivation, resulting in poor productivity. Furthermore, job satisfaction has an important role in the improved performance of an employee. In other words, high employee job satisfaction implies improved performance of the organisation. Thus, this statement signifies that improvement may be achieved by providing people rewards and the chance to perform (Armstrong, 2003, p. 240). However, according to some experts, people consider work as a less significant aspect due to the fact that the new generation of the highly educated workforce want more prospect for development, autonomy, flexibility and work experiences (Hammett, 1984).They want to contribute fully in the work environment and respond unfavourably to rigid hierarchies. Thus, performance management is declared to be part of human resource management which can make the utmost impact on organisational performance (Philpott Sheppard, 1992). Creating and sustaining a high performance organisation Organisations go into business to create long term performance and values. According to Keith Owen et al. (2001), the ability of an organisation to maintain the delivery of quality products and services is essential to its long-term success. And this ability is a learnable organisational competence. From Performance appraisal to Performance management Performance appraisal and reward systems are based on the supposition that employees performance and motivation can be enhanced by establishing a clear link between efforts and reward through formalised and particular individual targets (Latham et al. 2005). As companies move towards the complex business environment, they will have to develop approaches to tackle various threats, challenges, internal and external problems and explore new opportunities simultaneously. Thus, these companies have to invest in the most vital element the performers. On the other hand, Sims (2002), has relate both performance management and the performance appraisal systems through the HRM systems. According to Sims (2002), performance appraisal is a process by which an employees contribution to the company during a particular period of time is evaluated. Performance appraisal acts both as an evaluation and a development tool. Moreover, it is a legal document which contain , both positive actions as well as deficiency and plans for the future development. However, the main disadvantage of performance appraisal system is that there is no mutually agreed goal since job description and performance appraisal does not correlate, arising the issue of unclear evaluation criterion (Grote and Grote, 2002). As such employees are reluctant to support this system because it fails to consider the human touch and employees job expectation diminishes. The organisations culture and empowerment Nowadays organisational culture has become popular compared to earlier times due to increased competition, globalisation and diversified workforce (Schein, 1992).According to Sammuto and OConnor (1992), culture is a vital factor which contributes to the success or failure of an organisation. Organisational culture is the sharing of values, thoughts and experiences with others Cummings and Worley (2001). As such, the shared culture encourages a certain level of stability among the members of the organisation. Organisational culture basically include the values, beliefs and ideas on what the organisation is all about, how its workforce should behave and how it defines itself in relation to its external environment. On the other hand, Leach, Wall and Jackson (2003) defined empowerment as a motivational state which comprises of having a personal choice over work behaviours and processes. Empowering employees may develop feelings that may help increase work motivation. Thus, workers may develop a can do attitude that reflects a feeling of confidence within themselves (Geller, 2001). However, empowerment is often misinterpreted and feared by traditional managers, because they may lose control and respect by sharing their power and authority (Kahnweiler, 1991). Pay and Motivation Pay is an important factor which encourages motivation, as individuals utilise it to satisfy their needs and wants. It also acts as a recompense for employees diligence and commitment. According to Cooke (1999) and Fisher (2005), money is the key motivator for employees. This statement concurs with that of Crystal (1970) who further asserted that money can be a motivating factor, but little money may have no effect. The use of monetary or other financial incentives in the classic work performance paradigm is based on the reinforcement theory. Performance-based pay is a compensation paid which varies with the individual, team or organisational performance, such as the merit pay, team incentives and profit sharing (Milkovich Newman, 2002). However, studies have shown that pay does not seem to boost productivity levels in the long term and money does not improve performance (Whitley, 2002).Instead, this can deteriorate employees attitude in which they work merely in the interest of high pay. Therefore, it can be said that pay is not the only main reinforcement as other non-financial factors such as rewards, social recognition and performance feedbacks are also found to be positive motivational factors (Smith Rupp, 2003). The job itself and motivation According to Redmond (2010), a well designed job is one which is appealing to the person performing the task, that is, it should be interesting, motivating and meaningful. Well designed task will obviously lead to a higher employee satisfaction which encourages the workforce to be more productive and help to meet business goals (Schermerhorn et al, 2005). Conversely, poorly designed jobs that lack adequate attention to the needs of the workers are known as the arbitrary groupings of activities (Campion Thayer, 1987, p. 78). Thus, in order to motivate employees, it is important to implement a flexible task system to provide job satisfaction (Redmond, 2010, p.2). Nevertheless, there are two major theories which have considered this approach to motivation. Firstly, the Herzberg theory, which has addressed to the design of individual jobs as a two-factor theory, on the basis that motivation, arises from the nature of the job itself, and not from the job situation or external rewards (Garg Rastogi, 2006). Secondly, Hackman and Oldman (1976) come up with the job characteristics model, which main focus was on the content and nature of jobs. Training and motivation Losyk (1997) considers training as a key motivator. Training is a way to learn new skill and behaviour and employees look upon training as a strong element of their career development as it makes them more marketable (Niemiec, 2000). The expectancy theory presents a framework for assessing, interpreting and evaluating employees behaviour in learning, decision-making, formation and motivation (Chen Lou, 2002). According to McCloy Wise (2002), learning is a vital factor which helps in contributing to both individuals and organisational performance.

Tracer 480 Sc

Insecticide Tracer 480 SC MENU: What is it ? Tracer 480 EC is a suspension concentrate, with a short residual action acting as a contact and stomach insecticide, with trans – laminar properties for the control of insects on agricultural crops as listed. Tracer 480 SC EC’s active ingredient is Spinosad (Naturalyte) with a 480 g/l. active ingredient and, placed in the 5A chemicals group for agricultural use in S. A. Manufactured by Dow AgroScience S. A. (PTY) LTD. with registration No. L 6557 under act 36 /1947. . What does it do? Tracer 480 SC is a very specific type of chemical made from a fermentation process from wild mushrooms.The short residual of the product and the minimal effect on natural predators including predatory mites makes it well suited for use in IPM control programs. Tracer 480 SC sprays are rainfast within 1 hour after application. Apply Tracer 480 SC sprays, with equipment that is correctly calibrated and in good working order that provides full cove rage of the crop, for obtaining the best results against the pest trated for. Tracer 480 EC has a rapid knock down action on larva by contact, but contact and stomach action still provides the best results.Tracer 480 SC has some effect on certain predators & parasites in citrus, and Honeybees. (Read the label) List of Crops and pests on wich Tracer 480 SC is registered. Crops Apples Citrus Pests Thrips ( Various species ) Including Western Flower Thrip F. occidentalis Thrips,. ( S. aurantii ), (See Comments for IPM program ) Green Beans & Peas Potatoes Table Grapes Tomatoes Leafminer ( L. huidobrencis) Tubermoth larva ( P. operculella ) . Thrips Spp including Western Flower Thrip (F. occidentalis ) American leafminer ( L. trifolii ) A. Boll worm ( H. armigera )Obey the waiting periods on various crops, and follow the recommendation for resistance management as specified on the label. How and When to Apply: Tracer 480 SC. must be sprayed according to dosages and threshold values as s pecified on the label for the various crops. Read warnings on label for resistance strategy. Tracer 480 SC is not pH sensitive. . (Refer the label for the specific crops) Compatibility: Tracer 480 SC is compatible with B P Agripron Super, Light or medium narrow range sprays oils and Sanawett 90 –940 SL. Mixing instructions for tank mixes: Use clean water and fill spray tank up to one third and start agitation.Add different formulation types in the order indicated below, allowing time for complete mixing and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion time for dispersible granular (WG) products. Add following types in the following order: u Water dispersible granules. (After pre mixing with water. ) u Wettable powders. ( After pre mixing with water) u Tracer and other aqueous suspensions. ( Maintain agitation and fill spray tank to three quarters of total spray volume. Then add : u Emulsifiable concentrates. Spray adjuvants. ( Where Tracer 480 SC is needed to be applied in combination with a spray oil . first pre – mix the required volume of tracer 480 SC and spray oil, before adding to the spray water). u Foliar fertilizers. Application: All Tracer 480 SC spray applications must be made with suitable equipment that is in a good working order with good agitation, and correctly calibrated, to give the desired coverage for that particular method of application. Study and follow the recommendations on the label for spray volumes / Ha for row crops, fruit tree crops, deciduous fruit trees and table grapes. Read the label. ) Product Label: Download Now A specimen Product Label is available for download. Amongst other information, the Tracer 480 SC label outlines the current registered uses as well as rates, directions for use, general instructions, safety instructions and warnings. If you have any problems downloading the product label, please contact (01 2) 842 0200 during business hours and a copy will be faxed or mailed to you. Material Safety Data Sheet: Download Now A MSDS is available for immediate download.The MSDS identifies the chemical and physical properties of the product, outlines the health hazard data, precautions for use, safe handling and other information pertaining Tracer 480 SC insecticide. If you have any problems downloading the Material Safety Data Sheet, please contact (012) 842 0200 during business hours and a copy will be faxed or mailed to you. Where to get it: Tracer 480 SC is available from your local Agricultural Chemical Dealer. If you have any problems finding Tracer 480 SC please call (012) 842 0200 and they will bring you in touch with an Agricultural Chemical Dealer near you.

Al Qaed A Lesson Of Irony - 1612 Words

Al-Qaeda: a Lesson in Irony Much of the past decade of the american foreign policy debate has been dominated by the discussion over the merits of counterterrorism. Prior to the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, counterterrorism was a theoretical measure at most (Cronin). After America threw its weight behind the ‘war against terror,’ however, the coordinated international campaign quickly overwhelmed multiple militant extremist groups. The main target of the ‘war against terror’ was al-Qaeda, an organization that subscribed to the ideas of Islamic thinker Sayyid Qutb and claimed responsibility for the 9/11 attacks in 2004. The attacks were a double-edged sword for al-Qaeda because the ensuing media storm increased their influence like no other while also drawing a target a mile wide on their back. The ‘war against terror culminated in bin Laden s assassination in May of 2011 by Navy SEALs (Katulis and Juul). Al-Qaeda has since experienced a steady and significant decline of power and influence after bin Laden’s demise. No matter its past status as the dominant extremist group in the Middle East, al-Qaeda has crumbled after American intervention in killing various key figures. The irony of American involvement in the Middle East in the name of counterterrorism was not lost on many. Al-Qaeda was founded in the wake of Afghanistan’s 1978 Saur Revolution (Quiggin), in which King Zahir Shah was deposed by his cousin and prime minister Daoud Khan. The Soviet

A Short History of the American Red Cross